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It results from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, in particular in the large veins, large arteries, and smaller arterioles. [2] Blood vessel walls are composed of endothelial tissue and a basal membrane lining the lumen of the vessel, concentric smooth muscle layers on top of endothelial tissue, and an adventitia over ...
Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease and is a serious complication that affects approximately one quarter of adults with diabetes in the United States. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Affected individuals with end-stage kidney disease often require hemodialysis and eventually kidney transplantation to replace the failed kidney ...
Generalized vasoconstriction usually results in an increase in systemic blood pressure, but it may also occur in specific tissues, causing a localized reduction in blood flow. The extent of vasoconstriction may be slight or severe depending on the substance or circumstance. Many vasoconstrictors also cause pupil dilation.
When renal blood flow is reduced (indicating hypotension) or there is a decrease in sodium or chloride ion concentration, the macula densa of the distal tubule releases prostaglandins (mainly PGI2 and PGE2) and nitric oxide, which cause the juxtaglomerular cells lining the afferent arterioles to release renin, activating the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, to increase blood pressure ...
It is associated with aging, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, [5] dementia, [6] and may be seen in response to certain drugs (calcineurin inhibitors). [7] It is often seen in the context of kidney pathology. [4] [8] [9] In hypertension only the afferent arteriole is affected, while in diabetes mellitus, both the afferent and efferent arteriole ...
An arteriole is a small-diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries. [1] Arterioles have muscular walls (usually only one to two layers of smooth muscle cells) and are the primary site of vascular resistance. The greatest change in blood pressure and velocity of blood flow ...
The cells of the macula densa are taller and have more prominent nuclei than surrounding cells of the distal straight tubule (cortical thick ascending limb).. The close proximity and prominence of the nuclei cause this segment of the distal tubule wall to appear darker in microscopic preparations, [5] hence the name macula densa.
Chronic diabetes can lead to several problems, one of which is Diabetic Angiopathy. Individuals with diabetic angiopathy notice a constriction in their arteries. This cause many organs to receive insufficient blood and oxygen, which might eventually cause harm. High blood sugar is the primary cause of diabetic angiopathy. Excessive blood sugar ...
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