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Chemicals include methods such as lipofection, which is a lipid-mediated DNA-transfection process utilizing liposome vectors. It can also include the use of polymeric gene carriers (polyplexes). [6] Biological transfection is typically mediated by viruses, utilizing the ability of a virus to inject its DNA inside a host cell. A gene that is ...
How vectors work to transfer genetic material. Gene therapy utilizes the delivery of DNA into cells, which can be accomplished by several methods, summarized below. The two major classes of methods are those that use recombinant viruses (sometimes called biological nanoparticles or viral vectors) and those that use naked DNA or DNA complexes (non-viral methods).
Successful gene delivery requires the foreign gene delivery to remain stable within the host cell and can either integrate into the genome or replicate independently of it. [3] This requires foreign DNA to be synthesized as part of a vector , which is designed to enter the desired host cell and deliver the transgene to that cell's genome. [ 4 ]
The first therapeutic use of gene transfer as well as the first direct insertion of human DNA into the nuclear genome was performed by French Anderson in a trial starting in September 1990. Between 1989 and December 2018, over 2,900 clinical trials were conducted, with more than half of them in phase I. [5]
The choice of liposome preparation method depends, i.a., on the following parameters: [38] [39] the physicochemical characteristics of the material to be entrapped and those of the liposomal ingredients; the nature of the medium in which the lipid vesicles are dispersed; the effective concentration of the entrapped substance and its potential ...
Lipofectamine or Lipofectamine 2000 is a common transfection reagent, produced and sold by Invitrogen, used in molecular and cellular biology. [1] It is used to increase the transfection efficiency of RNA (including mRNA and siRNA) or plasmid DNA into in vitro cell cultures by lipofection. [1]
Gene transfer agents (GTAs) are DNA-containing virus-like particles that are produced by some bacteria and archaea and mediate horizontal gene transfer. Different GTA types have originated independently from viruses in several bacterial and archaeal lineages.
This process bypasses the endosomal-lysosomal route, which leads to the degradation of anionic liposome formulations. [13] Cationic liposomes in the lamellar phase deliver nucleic acids through endocytosis, specifically clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CavME), and macropinocytosis. [3]