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Some authors use the term Alexander trick for the statement that every homeomorphism of can be extended to a homeomorphism of the entire ball .. However, this is much easier to prove than the result discussed above: it is called radial extension (or coning) and is also true piecewise-linearly, but not smoothly.
A proof of the recursion formula relating the volume of the n-ball and an (n − 2)-ball can be given using the proportionality formula above and integration in cylindrical coordinates. Fix a plane through the center of the ball. Let r denote the distance between a point in the plane and the center of the sphere, and let θ denote the azimuth.
Any closed topological n-ball is homeomorphic to the closed n-cube [0, 1] n. An n-ball is homeomorphic to an m-ball if and only if n = m. The homeomorphisms between an open n-ball B and R n can be classified in two classes, that can be identified with the two possible topological orientations of B. A topological n-ball need not be smooth; if it ...
In mathematics and more specifically in topology, a homeomorphism (from Greek roots meaning "similar shape", named by Henri Poincaré), [2] [3] also called topological isomorphism, or bicontinuous function, is a bijective and continuous function between topological spaces that has a continuous inverse function.
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In mathematics, triangulation describes the replacement of topological spaces with simplicial complexes by the choice of an appropriate homeomorphism. A space that admits such a homeomorphism is called a triangulable space. Triangulations can also be used to define a piecewise linear structure for a space, if one exists. Triangulation has ...
In mathematics, the annulus theorem (formerly called the annulus conjecture) states roughly that the region between two well-behaved spheres is an annulus.It is closely related to the stable homeomorphism conjecture (now proved) which states that every orientation-preserving homeomorphism of Euclidean space is stable.
As trivial examples, note that attaching a 0-handle is just taking a disjoint union with a ball, and that attaching an n-handle to (,) is gluing in a ball along any sphere component of . Morse theory was used by Thom and Milnor to prove that every manifold (with or without boundary) is a handlebody, meaning that it has an expression as a union ...