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During World War II, many types of structures were used as air raid shelters, such as cellars, Hochbunker (in Germany), basements, and underpasses. Bombing raids during World War I led the UK to build 80 specially adapted London Underground stations as shelters. However, during World War II, the government initially ruled out using these as ...
In 1941 Nazi military engineers built four labour camps on Alderney. [3] The Nazi Organisation Todt (OT) operated each subcamp and used forced labour to build fortifications in Alderney, including bunkers, gun emplacements, air raid shelters, tunnels and concrete fortifications. The camps commenced operation in January 1942.
While military units have long built defensive structures to protect against various kinds of hostile bombardment, the use of the phrase "bomb shelter" can be traced at least as far back as 1833. A dictionary from that year defines a "casement" as "a bomb-proof shelter for soldiers in garrison". [ 2 ]
The working shaft for the shelter at Oval now functions as a ventilation shaft for the station. [1] The shelters were started in 1940 during the Blitz in response to public demand to shelter in the London Underground stations. However, they were not completed until 1942 after the Blitz was over, so they were initially all used by the government ...
The smallest of the tunnel shelters could accommodate 2,000 people and the largest 3,850. It was subsequently expanded to take up to 6,500 people. [1] [2] In 1948, the shelters were sealed off from the public. [3] The largest of the Stockport Air Raid Shelters have been open to the public since 1996 as part of the town's museum service. [1]
By the time of the raid, Nottingham had built a significant number of public shelters. The John Player & Sons tobacco company had built a network of tunnels at its factory and under local streets sufficient to house around 5,000 of its workers. The raid on the night of 8–9 May by the Luftwaffe was targeted at Nottingham and Derby.
The camps were numbered according to the military district. A letter behind the Roman number marked individual Stalags in a military district. e.g. Stalag II-D was the fourth Stalag in Military District II (Wehrkreis II). Sub-camps had a suffix "/Z" (for Zweiglager - sub-camp). The main camp had a suffix of "/H" (for Hauptlager - main camp). e.g.
Soldiers in the European and Pacific theaters found it difficult to maintain regular meals during intense combat or in remote areas. While in World War I soldiers often faced food shortages in World War II the process of feeding soldiers in combat zones had improved, though problems of malnutrition and lack of fresh food persisted in some theaters.