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In terms of elements, the lunar crust is composed primarily of oxygen, silicon, magnesium, iron, calcium, and aluminium, but important minor and trace elements such as titanium, uranium, thorium, potassium, sulphur, manganese, chromium [4] and hydrogen are present as well. Based on geophysical techniques, the crust is estimated to be on average ...
Evidence for this scenario comes from the highly anorthositic composition of the lunar highland crust, as well as the existence of KREEP-rich materials. Additionally, zircon analysis of Apollo 14 samples suggests the lunar crust differentiated 4.51±0.01 billion years ago. [32] Formation of the anorthosite crust
Lunar regolith is divided into highland and mare on the basis of their composition, and further divided into high-, low-, and very low-titanium on the basis of their ilmenite content. [ 13 ] The contribution of material from external sources is relatively minor (outside of ray systems ), such that the dirt composition at any given location ...
Studies from Apollo 17's Lunar Atmospheric Composition Experiment (LACE) show that the lunar exosphere contains trace amounts of hydrogen (H 2), helium (He), argon (Ar), and possibly ammonia (NH 3), carbon dioxide (CO 2), and methane (CH 4). Several processes can explain the presence of trace gases on the Moon: high energy photons or solar ...
The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) is the layer of molten rock that is theorized to have been present on the surface of the Moon. The LMO was likely present on the Moon from the time of the Moon's formation (about 4.5 or 4.4 billion years ago [ 1 ] ) to tens or hundreds of millions of years after that time.
The lunar solid crust experiences tides of around 10 cm (4 in) amplitude over 27 days, with three components: a fixed one due to Earth, because they are in synchronous rotation, a variable tide due to orbital eccentricity and inclination, and a small varying component from the Sun. [184] The Earth-induced variable component arises from changing ...
The Yutu-2 lunar rover took an image of the Chang'e-4 lunar probe on the far side of the moon on January 11, 2019. - China National Space Administrat/AFP/Getty Images
As the crystallization of this liquid rock proceeded, minerals such as olivine and pyroxene precipitated and sank to the bottom to form the lunar mantle. After the solidification was about 75% complete, the material anorthositic plagioclase began to crystallize, and because of its low density, it floated, forming a solid crust. Hence, elements ...