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It represents the boundary between the observable and the unobservable regions of the universe, so its distance at the present epoch defines the size of the observable universe. Due to the expansion of the universe, it is not simply the age of the universe times the speed of light, as in the Hubble horizon, but rather the speed of light ...
An unobservable (also called impalpable) is an entity whose existence, nature, properties, qualities or relations are not directly observable by humans. In philosophy of science , typical examples of "unobservables" are the force of gravity , causation and beliefs or desires .
[2] [3] [4] As a consequence, only certain measurements can determine the value of an observable for some state of a quantum system. In classical mechanics, any measurement can be made to determine the value of an observable. The relation between the state of a quantum system and the value of an observable requires some linear algebra for its ...
The comoving distance from Earth to the edge of the observable universe is about 14.26 gigaparsecs (46.5 billion light-years or 4.40 × 10 26 m) in any direction. The observable universe is thus a sphere with a diameter of about 28.5 gigaparsecs [27] (93 billion light-years or 8.8 × 10 26 m). [28]
The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) was completed in September 2012 and shows the farthest galaxies ever photographed at that time. Except for the few stars in the foreground (which are bright and easily recognizable because only they have diffraction spikes), every speck of light in the photo is an individual galaxy, some of them as old as 13.2 billion years; the observable universe is ...
According to Mach, Newton's examples simply illustrate relative rotation of spheres and the bulk of the universe. [8] When, accordingly, we say that a body preserves unchanged its direction and velocity in space, our assertion is nothing more or less than an abbreviated reference to the entire universe. —Ernst Mach [9]
A system is said to be observable if, for every possible evolution of state and control vectors, the current state can be estimated using only the information from outputs (physically, this generally corresponds to information obtained by sensors). In other words, one can determine the behavior of the entire system from the system's outputs.
Rather, the conformal time is the amount of time it would take a photon to travel from where we are located to the furthest observable distance, provided the universe ceased expanding. As such, η 0 {\displaystyle \eta _{0}} is not a physically meaningful time (this much time has not yet actually passed); though, as we will see, the particle ...