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Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes
The copper can get dissolved in water in trace amounts when the water is stored in copper vessels for a long period of time. The process is known as the “ oligodynamic effect ”. [ 6 ] Kalai protects from food poisoning and blackening of copper vessels by preventing direct contact of air with the copper or brass surface.
Refinishing a bathtub is a means of giving it an aesthetic facelift and repairing any small instances of damage, cracks, etc. Reglazing a bathtub is a part of the refinishing process.
Protective elements for bronze fountains are particularly important, since water is one of the leading causes for alterations or corrosion in a bronze. [2] Bronze sculptures incorporated in fountains will need more layers of wax, because the spray of water will cause deterioration of the wax at a faster pace than would normally happen.
Phosphate conversion coating is a chemical treatment applied to steel parts that creates a thin adhering layer of iron, zinc, or manganese phosphates to improve corrosion resistance or lubrication or as a foundation for subsequent coatings or painting.
It is also used as a precipitating water softener, which combines with hard water minerals (calcium- and magnesium-based minerals) to form an insoluble precipitate, removing these hardness minerals from the water. [5] It is the carbonate moiety which forms the precipitate, the bicarbonate being included to moderate the material's alkalinity.
mixing water, binder, deflocculant, and unfired ceramic powder to form a slurry; spray-drying the slurry; putting the spray dried powder into a mold and pressing it to form a green body (an unsintered ceramic item) heating the green body at low temperature to burn off the binder; sintering at a high temperature to fuse the ceramic particles ...
These tanks contain, in order, alkaline detergent, water, sodium hydroxide at 140.5 °C (284.9 °F) (the blackening compound), and finally the sealant, which is usually oil. The NaOH (caustic soda) and elevated temperature cause Fe 3 O 4 (black oxide) to form on the surface of the metal instead of Fe 2 O 3 (red oxide; rust).