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In solid mechanics, a bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is applied to the element, causing the element to bend. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The most common or simplest structural element subjected to bending moments is the beam .
where , are the coordinates of a point on the cross section at which the stress is to be determined as shown to the right, and are the bending moments about the y and z centroid axes, and are the second moments of area (distinct from moments of inertia) about the y and z axes, and is the product of moments of area. Using this equation it is ...
Macaulay's notation is commonly used in the static analysis of bending moments of a beam. This is useful because shear forces applied on a member render the shear and moment diagram discontinuous. Macaulay's notation also provides an easy way of integrating these discontinuous curves to give bending moments, angular deflection, and so on.
The starting point is the relation from Euler-Bernoulli beam theory = Where is the deflection and is the bending moment. This equation [7] is simpler than the fourth-order beam equation and can be integrated twice to find if the value of as a function of is known.
Shear and Bending moment diagram for a simply supported beam with a concentrated load at mid-span. Shear force and bending moment diagrams are analytical tools used in conjunction with structural analysis to help perform structural design by determining the value of shear forces and bending moments at a given point of a structural element such as a beam.
The bending moment diagram and the influence line for bending moment at the centre of the left-hand span, B, are shown. In engineering, an influence line graphs the variation of a function (such as the shear, moment etc. felt in a structural member) at a specific point on a beam or truss caused by a unit load placed at any point along the ...
In this case, the equation governing the beam's deflection can be approximated as: = () where the second derivative of its deflected shape with respect to (being the horizontal position along the length of the beam) is interpreted as its curvature, is the Young's modulus, is the area moment of inertia of the cross-section, and is the internal ...
Although the moment () and displacement generally result from external loads and may vary along the length of the beam or rod, the flexural rigidity (defined as ) is a property of the beam itself and is generally constant for prismatic members. However, in cases of non-prismatic members, such as the case of the tapered beams or columns or ...