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Due to their retrotransposition mechanism, retrotransposons amplify in number quickly, composing 40% of the human genome. The insertion rates for LINE1, Alu and SVA elements are 1/200 – 1/20, 1/20 and 1/900 respectively. The LINE1 insertion rates have varied a lot over the past 35 million years, so they indicate points in genome evolution.
LINE1 (an abbreviation of Long interspersed nuclear element-1, also known as L1 and LINE-1) is a family of related class I transposable elements in the DNA of many groups of eukaryotes, including animals and plants, classified with the long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs). [1]
The human genome contains an estimated 100,000 truncated and 4,000 full-length LINE-1 elements. [10] Due to the accumulation of random mutations, the sequence of many LINEs has degenerated to the extent that they are no longer transcribed or translated. Comparisons of LINE DNA sequences can be used to date transposon insertions in the genome.
LINE-1 (L1) is transcribed and retrotransposed most frequently in the germ-line and during early development; as a result SINEs move around the genome most during these periods. SINE transcription is down-regulated by transcription factors in somatic cells after early development, though stress can cause up-regulation of normally silent SINEs ...
Line 1 (Doha Metro) or Red Line, Qatar; Line 1 ... LINE1 (a.k.a. L1), a non-LTR retrotransposon and the only Long INterspersed Element (LINE) active in the human genome;
A potential mechanism for exon shuffling is the long interspersed element (LINE) -1 mediated 3' transduction. However it is important first to understand what LINEs are. LINEs are a group of genetic elements that are found in abundant quantities in eukaryotic genomes. [5] LINE-1 is the most common LINE found in humans.
Research indicates both PIWI proteins and esiRNAs may also play a role in silencing retrotransposons through DNA methylation. [5] [6] esiRNA's methylation of LINE-1 retrotransposon is one process that can be disrupted in cancer cells, leading to the development of the high mutation rates required to develop a tumor.
The retrotransposon LINE-1 (long interspersed element 1, L1) is a transposable element that has colonized the mammalian germline. L1 retrotransposition can happen also in somatic cells causing mosaicism (SLAVs – L1-associated variations) and in cancer.