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In dentistry, the smear layer is a layer found on root canal walls after root canal instrumentation. It consists of microcrystalline and organic particle debris. It was first described in 1975 and research has been performed since then to evaluate its importance in bacteria penetration into the dentinal tubules and its effects on endodontic treatment.
Dental caries can occur on any surface of a tooth that is exposed to the oral cavity, but not the structures that are retained within the bone. [22] Tooth decay is caused by biofilm (dental plaque) lying on the teeth and maturing to become cariogenic (causing decay).
In addition, dental caries is more likely to develop pulpitis due to less time for the dental pulp to react and protect itself by occluding the dentinal tubules. [18] Based on the tooth injury, sensory nerve fibers react to pulpitis by growing terminal branches into the adjacent surviving pulp, which also changes the cytochemical phenotype.
Oral hygiene is important as dental biofilms may become acidic causing demineralization of the teeth (also known as dental caries) or harden into dental calculus (also known as tartar). [5] Calculus cannot be removed through tooth brushing or with interdental aids, but only through professional cleaning. [3]
A temporary filling is used to keep the material in place, and about six months later, the cavity is re-opened and hopefully there is now enough sound dentin over the pulp (a "dentin bridge") that any residual softened dentin can be removed and a permanent filling can be placed. This method is also called "stepwise caries removal."
Reactionary dentin is secreted at varying speeds, dependent on the speed of progression of caries in the outer dentin surface. Histologically, it is easily distinguishable by its disordered tube structure, the location of the secretion (it protrudes into the pulpal cavity) and its slightly lower degree of mineralization than normal.
The dentin surface should appear glistening. If the dentin surface is too wet, water will dilute the resin primer and compete for the sites in collagen network, which will prevent hybrid layer formation. If the dentin surface is too dry, collapse of collagen fibres and demineralized dentin can occur, leading to low bond strength.
The dental pellicle, or acquired pellicle, is a protein film that forms on the surface enamel, dentin, artificial crowns, and bridges by selective binding of glycoproteins from saliva that prevents continuous deposition of salivary calcium phosphate. It forms in seconds after a tooth is cleaned, or after chewing.