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For example, CSF can represent Colony Stimulating Factor or Cerebral Spinal Fluid, both of which are represented by the same term, CSF, in biomedical literature. [86] This is why a large number of public ontologies are related to the life sciences.
Fact ontologies present a different approach by focusing on how entities belonging to different categories come together to constitute the world. Facts, also known as states of affairs, are complex entities; for example, the fact that the Earth is a planet consists of the particular object the Earth and the property being a planet. Fact ...
In formal extensional ontologies, only the utterances of words and numbers are considered individuals – the numbers and names themselves are classes. In a 4D ontology, an individual is identified by its spatio-temporal extent. Examples of formal extensional ontologies are BORO, ISO 15926 and the model in development by the IDEAS Group.
Ontologies can be used for structuring data in a machine-readable manner. [14] In this context, an ontology is a controlled vocabulary of classes that can be placed in hierarchical relations with each other. [15] These classes can represent entities in the real world which data is about.
The sophic and mantic were originally defined by Hugh Nibley in 1963 as a way of describing naturalistic and supernaturalistic ontologies.H. Curtis Wright, a professor in the Brigham Young University (BYU) Library information science program, popularized the distinction and several Latter-day Saint (LDS) scholars referenced it, mostly in the 1990s.
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Some upper ontologies—Cyc is often cited as an example in this regard—are very large, ranging up to thousands of elements (classes, relations), with complex interactions among them and with a complexity similar to that of a human natural language, and the learning process can be even longer than for a natural language because of the ...
In philosophy, a core ontology is a basic and minimal ontology consisting only of the minimal concepts required to understand the other concepts. It must be based on a core glossary in some human language so humans can comprehend the concepts and distinctions made.