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Both the moderate Enlightenment and a radical or revolutionary Enlightenment were reactions against the authoritarianism, irrationality, and obscurantism of the established churches. Philosophers such as Voltaire depicted organized religion as hostile to the development of reason and the progress of science and incapable of verification.
Storm points out that there are vastly different and mutually contradictory periodizations of the Enlightenment depending on nation, field of study, and school of thought; that the term and category of "Enlightenment" referring to the Scientific Revolution was actually applied after the fact; that the Enlightenment did not see an increase in ...
Schmitt, Karl. "The Clergy and the Enlightenment in Latin America: An Analysis." The Americas, April 1959 (vol. 15), no. 4. Shafer, Robert J. The Economic Societies in the Spanish World (1763-1821). Syracuse: 1958. Tarragó, Rafael E. "Science and religion in the Spanish American Enlightenment." Catholic Social Science Review 10 (2005): 181-196.
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Spanish Texas was one of the interior provinces of the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1519 until 1821. Spain claimed ownership of the region in 1519. Slave raids by Spaniards into what became Texas began in the 16th century and created an atmosphere of antagonism with Native Americans (Indians) which would cause endless difficulties for the Spanish in the future.
In Texas their numbers increased to 300, and they proceeded to take the town of Santísima Trinidad de Salcedo (located on the east bank of the Trinity River at Spanish Bluff, ten miles downriver from the present Highway 31 crossing), on September 13. Their success would push them on; they traveled southward, to conquer the next Spanish stronghold.
Spanish missions within the boundaries of what is now the U.S. state of Texas. The Spanish Missions in Texas comprise the many Catholic outposts established in New Spain by Dominican, Jesuit, and Franciscan orders to spread their doctrine among Native Americans and to give Spain a toehold in the frontier land.
Similar conversations about the role of religion in schools have become prevalent in Texas. Last year, the Legislature passed a bill allowing schools to employ a chaplain as a counselor.