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[3] [11] In nonruminants, including human beings, propionate arises from the β-oxidation of odd-chain and branched-chain fatty acids, and is a (relatively minor) substrate for gluconeogenesis. [12] [13] Lactate is transported back to the liver where it is converted into pyruvate by the Cori cycle using the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase.
The fat stores of young adult humans average between about 10–20 kg, but vary greatly depending on gender and individual disposition. [18] By contrast, the human body stores only about 400 g of glycogen , of which 300 g is locked inside the skeletal muscles and is unavailable to the body as a whole.
When needed, the liver releases glucose into the blood by performing glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. [48] The liver is also responsible for gluconeogenesis, which is the synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids, lactate, or glycerol. Adipose and liver cells produce glycerol by breakdown of fat, which the liver uses ...
A young adult human's fat stores average between about 15–20 kg (33–44 lb), but varies greatly depending on age, sex, and individual disposition. [10] In contrast, the human body stores only about 400 g (0.9 lb) of glycogen , of which 300 g (0.7 lb) is locked inside the skeletal muscles and is unavailable to the body as a whole.
Under one percent of ingested fructose is directly converted to plasma triglyceride. [1] 29% - 54% of fructose is converted in liver to glucose, and about a quarter of fructose is converted to lactate. 15% - 18% is converted to glycogen. [2] Glucose and lactate are then used normally as energy to fuel cells all over the body. [1]
Glucose-6-phosphate can then progress through glycolysis. [1] Glycolysis only requires the input of one molecule of ATP when the glucose originates in glycogen. [1] Alternatively, glucose-6-phosphate can be converted back into glucose in the liver and the kidneys, allowing it to raise blood glucose levels if necessary. [2]
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