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  2. Retrolisthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrolisthesis

    The soft tissue of the disc is often caused to bulge in retrolistheses. These cannot be determined by plain films, as the x-ray passes through the soft tissue. A study by Giles et al., stated that sixteen of the thirty patients (53%) had retrolisthesis of L5 on S1 ranging from 2–9 mm; these patients had either intervertebral disc bulging or ...

  3. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cervical...

    1. a herniated disc when other non-surgical treatments have failed. The nucleus pulposus (the jelly-like center of the disc) of the herniated disc bulges out through the annulus (surrounding wall) and presses on the nerve root next to it. 2. degenerative disc disease (spondylosis). The disc consists of about 80% water.

  4. Total disc replacement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Disc_Replacement

    The second disc replacement to achieve wide clinical use was the prodisc total disc replacement; it continues to have worldwide use today. Designed by French orthopedic spine surgeon Thiery Marnay, M.D., in the late 1980s, early implantations of the prodisc device began in 1990, with a 7-11 year follow-up published in 2005.

  5. Cervical vertebrae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae

    The changes are seen on radiographs, which are used in a grading system from 0–4 ranging from no changes (0) to early with minimal development of osteophytes (1) to mild with definite osteophytes (2) to moderate with additional disc space stenosis or narrowing (3) to the stage of many large osteophytes, severe narrowing of the disc space, and ...

  6. Disc herniation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_herniation

    Lumbar disc herniation occurs 15 times more often than cervical (neck) disc herniation, and it is one of the most common causes of low back pain. The cervical discs are affected 8% of the time and the upper-to-mid-back (thoracic) discs only 1–2% of the time. [67]

  7. Radiculopathy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiculopathy

    Patients with large cervical disk bulges may be recommended for surgery; however, most often, conservative management will help the herniation regress naturally. [24] Procedures such as foraminotomy , laminotomy , or discectomy may be considered by neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons.

  8. Meet 'the Human Ken Doll,' who has had 780 procedures in his ...

    www.aol.com/lifestyle/meet-human-ken-doll-had...

    The 39-year-old says his fixation with plastic surgery started at an early age and was spurred by his childhood in a low-income family. ... The hundreds of procedures have cost him around $800,000 ...

  9. Discectomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discectomy

    A discectomy (also called open discectomy, if done through a 1/2 inch or larger skin opening) is the surgical removal of abnormal disc material that presses on a nerve root or the spinal cord. The procedure involves removing a portion of an intervertebral disc , which causes pain, weakness or numbness by stressing the spinal cord or radiating ...

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