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Since the Age of Revolution the term republic has described a system of government in which the source of authority for the government is a constitution [12] and the legitimacy of its officials derives from the consent of the people rather than heredity or divine right. [13]
A directorial republic is a government system with power divided among a college of several people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state and/or a head of government. Merchant republic: In the early Renaissance, a number of small, wealthy, trade-based city-states embraced republican ideals, notably across Italy and the Baltic.
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A republican system of government is established and the authority of the King of Spain is completely eliminated. Paraguay: 12 October 1813: Republic proclaimed after independence from Spain on 14 May 1811 Argentina: 9 July 1816: Independence won from the Spanish Empire. Republican governments established from 1811 onwards.
A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means a country that is governed by elected representatives and by an elected leader, such as a president, rather than by a monarch or any hereditary aristocracy.
In modern usage, a republican system of government is loosely applied to any state which claims this designation. [20] For example, the Dominican Republic under Rafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is the Republic of Iraq under Saddam Hussein .
Due to the 1875 and 1891 court decisions establishing basic definition, in the first version (1892) of the Pledge of Allegiance, which included the word republic, and like Article IV which refers to a Republican form of government, the basic definition of republic is implied and continues to be so in all subsequent versions.
A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament). There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics.