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Crystal structure of CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 perovskites (X=I, Br and/or Cl). The methylammonium cation (CH 3 NH 3 +) is surrounded by PbX 6 octahedra. [13]The name "perovskite solar cell" is derived from the ABX 3 crystal structure of the absorber materials, referred to as perovskite structure, where A and B are cations and X is an anion.
The main obstacle to viable tin perovskite solar cells is the instability of tin's oxidation state Sn 2+, which is easily oxidized to the stabler Sn 4+. [10] In solar cell research, this process is called self-doping, [11] because the Sn 4+ acts as a p-dopant and reduces solar cell efficiency.
Perovskite NCs are promising materials for the emitting layer of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as they offer potential advantages over organic LEDs (OLEDs) such as the elimination of precious metals (Ir, Pt) and simpler syntheses. [132] The first report of green electroluminescence (EL) was from MAPbBr 3 NCs although no efficiency values were ...
One of many possible designs for a Heterojunction–Perovskite tandem solar cell. [102] Heterojunction–Perovskite tandem structures have been fabricated, with some research groups reporting a power conversion efficiency exceeding the 29.43% Shockley–Queisser limit for crystalline silicon. This feat has been achieved in both monolithic and 4 ...
Perovskite solar cells are also forecast to be extremely cheap to scale up, making them a very attractive option for commercialisation. So far most types of perovskite solar cells have not reached sufficient operational stability to be commercialised, although many research groups are investigating ways to solve this. [99]
The bulk heterojunction (BHJ) layer is usually the weakest layer of an organic solar cell, so it is necessary to design the BHJ materials to be mechanically stable, with a target G c of 5 J m-2 and a target strain at fracture of 20-30%. Polymer-based acceptors have been shown to exhibit superior mechanical properties when compared to small ...