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Early childhood development is the period of rapid physical, psychological and social growth and change that begins before birth and extends into early childhood. [1] While early childhood is not well defined, one source asserts that the early years begin in utero and last until 3 years of age. [1]
The Journal of Early Childhood Research is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research on child health, early education, pediatrics, psychology, social work, sociology, and teaching in early childhood. The editor-in-chief is Cathy Nutbrown (University of Sheffield).
Early Childhood Research Quarterly is an academic journal providing current research (predominantly empirical) in the field of early childhood (birth through eight years of age) education and development that was established in 1986. [1] [2] The journal also publishes occasional book reviews, practitioner/policy perspectives, and research ...
(see Behavioral Development and Depression below). [32] [33] Research continues to look at the effects of learning-based attachment on moral development. Some studies have shown that erratic use of contingencies by parents early in life can produce devastating long-term effects for the child. [34] [35]
Physical development. Typically grows between 0.5 and 0.75 inches (1.3 and 1.9 cm) and gains between 1 and 1.25 pounds (450 and 570 g) Motor development. Able to push up to a crawling position and may be able to rock on knees. [31] Able to sit with support. [31] Able to stand with help and bounce while standing. [31]
The second stage is "Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt" with the positive virtue being will. This takes place in early childhood when the child learns to become more independent by discovering what they are capable of whereas if the child is overly controlled, feelings of inadequacy are reinforced, which can lead to low self-esteem and doubt.