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  2. Hydrogen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen

    Hydrogen gas is very rare in Earth's atmosphere (around 0.53 ppm on a molar basis [103]) because of its light weight, which enables it to escape the atmosphere more rapidly than heavier gases. However, hydrogen, usually in the form of water, is the third most abundant element on the Earth's surface, [104] mostly in the form of chemical ...

  3. List of gases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gases

    Boiling liquid oxygen. This is a list of gases at standard conditions, ... Carbon dioxide: CO 2: −78.464 sub ... Hydrogen bromide: HBr −66.38

  4. Abundance of the chemical elements - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical...

    The order of elements by volume fraction (which is approximately molecular mole fraction) in the atmosphere is nitrogen (78.1%), oxygen (20.9%), [20] argon (0.96%), followed by (in uncertain order) carbon and hydrogen because water vapor and carbon dioxide, which represent most of these two elements in the air, are variable components. Sulfur ...

  5. Table of specific heat capacities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_specific_heat...

    For gases, departure from 3 R per mole of atoms is generally due to two factors: (1) failure of the higher quantum-energy-spaced vibration modes in gas molecules to be excited at room temperature, and (2) loss of potential energy degree of freedom for small gas molecules, simply because most of their atoms are not bonded maximally in space to ...

  6. Carbon dioxide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide

    The symmetry of a carbon dioxide molecule is linear and centrosymmetric at its equilibrium geometry. The length of the carbonoxygen bond in carbon dioxide is 116.3 pm, noticeably shorter than the roughly 140 pm length of a typical single C–O bond, and shorter than most other C–O multiply bonded functional groups such as carbonyls. [19]

  7. Hydrocarbon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon

    In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. [ 1 ] : 620 Hydrocarbons are examples of group 14 hydrides . Hydrocarbons are generally colourless and hydrophobic ; their odor is usually faint, and may be similar to that of gasoline or lighter fluid .

  8. Oxygen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

    Oxygen gas is the second most common component of the Earth's atmosphere, taking up 20.8% of its volume and 23.1% of its mass (some 10 15 tonnes). [19] [70] [d] Earth is unusual among the planets of the Solar System in having such a high concentration of oxygen gas in its atmosphere: Mars (with 0.1% O 2 by volume) and Venus have much less. The O

  9. Ideal gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas

    Many gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, noble gases, some heavier gases like carbon dioxide and mixtures such as air, can be treated as ideal gases within reasonable tolerances [2] over a considerable parameter range around standard temperature and pressure.

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