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The TSHr is expressed on the thyroid follicular cells of the thyroid gland (the cells that produce thyroid hormone), and the result of chronic stimulation is an abnormally high production of T3 and T4. This, in turn, causes the clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism, and the enlargement of the thyroid gland visible as goiter.
Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck and produces thyroid hormones [1] that travel through the blood to help regulate many other organs, meaning that it is an endocrine organ. These hormones normally act in the body to regulate energy use ...
A goitre, or goiter, is a swelling in the neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] A goitre can be associated with a thyroid that is not functioning properly. Worldwide, over 90% of goitre cases are caused by iodine deficiency . [ 3 ]
Toxic multinodular goiter (TMNG), also known as multinodular toxic goiter (MNTG), is an active multinodular goiter associated with hyperthyroidism.. It is a common cause of hyperthyroidism [2] [3] in which there is excess production of thyroid hormones from functionally autonomous thyroid nodules, which do not require stimulation from thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (also known as small cell lymphocytic lymphoma) is a blood cancer that involves the B-cell lymphocytes; responsible for the creation of antibodies. Of the two general types of chronic lymphocytic leukemias (the other involving T-cells), B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia accounts for approximately 95 percent ...
Blood tests may show fewer but larger red blood cells, low numbers of young red blood cells, low levels of vitamin B 12, and antibodies to intrinsic factor. [6] Diagnosis is not always straightforward and can be challenging. [10] Because pernicious anemia is due to a lack of intrinsic factor, it is not preventable. [11]
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. [1] They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system. [1] B cells produce antibody molecules which may be either secreted or inserted into the plasma membrane where they serve as a part of B-cell receptors. [2]
Abetalipoproteinemia (also known as: Bassen–Kornzweig syndrome, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein deficiency disease, MTP deficiency, and betalipoprotein deficiency syndrome [2]) is a disorder characterized by abnormal absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins from food. [3]