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  2. Weak and strong sustainability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_and_strong_sustainability

    For example, according to weak sustainability, replacing a natural forest with a park or agricultural land can be considered sustainable if the recreational or economic value equal the value of the biodiversity lost and further environmental impact caused. According to strong sustainability, cutting down trees in a natural forest and planting ...

  3. Ecological economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_economics

    Recently, Stanislav Shmelev developed a new methodology for the assessment of progress at the macro scale based on multi-criteria methods, which allows consideration of different perspectives, including strong and weak sustainability or conservationists vs industrialists and aims to search for a 'middle way' by providing a strong neo-Keynesian ...

  4. Uneconomic growth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uneconomic_growth

    The rate or type of economic growth may have important consequences for the environment (the climate and natural capital of ecologies). Concerns about possible negative effects of growth on the environment and society have led some to advocate lower levels of growth, from which comes the idea of uneconomic growth and Green parties which argue that economies are part of a global society and a ...

  5. Hartwick's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartwick's_rule

    In resource economics, Hartwick's rule defines the amount of investment in produced capital (buildings, roads, knowledge stocks, etc.) that is needed to exactly offset declining stocks of non-renewable resources. This investment is undertaken so that the standard of living does not fall as society moves into the indefinite future.

  6. Eco-economic decoupling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling

    Sustainability studies analyse ways to reduce resource intensity (the amount of resource (e.g. water, energy, or materials) needed for the production, consumption and disposal of a unit of good or service) whether this be achieved from improved economic management, product design, or new technology.

  7. Sustainability metrics and indices - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and...

    For example, the benefits from the introduction of new crops may not be sustained if the constraints to marketing the crops are not resolved. Similarly, economic, as distinct from financial, sustainability may be at risk if the end users continue to depend on heavily subsidized activities and inputs. Ecological sustainability. Are the benefits ...

  8. Sustainability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability

    Details around the economic dimension of sustainability are controversial. [1] Scholars have discussed this under the concept of weak and strong sustainability. For example, there will always be tension between the ideas of "welfare and prosperity for all" and environmental conservation, [8] [1] so trade-offs are necessary.

  9. Sustainable consumption - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_consumption

    In order to achieve sustainable consumption, two developments have to take place: an increase in the efficiency of consumption, and a change in consumption patterns and reductions in consumption levels in industrialized countries and rich social classes in developing countries which have a large ecological footprint and set an example for ...