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When a dangling pointer is used after it has been freed without allocating a new chunk of memory to it, this becomes known as a "use after free" vulnerability. [4] For example, CVE-2014-1776 is a use-after-free vulnerability in Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 through 11 [5] being used by zero-day attacks by an advanced persistent threat. [6]
Tombstones are a mechanism to detect dangling pointers and mitigate the problems they can cause in computer programs. Dangling pointers can appear in certain computer programming languages, e.g. C, C++ and assembly languages. A tombstone is a structure that acts as an intermediary between a pointer and its target, often heap-dynamic data in memory.
A dangling pointer is a pointer that does not point to a valid object and consequently may make a program crash or behave oddly. In the Pascal or C programming languages, pointers that are not specifically initialized may point to unpredictable addresses in memory. The following example code shows a dangling pointer:
HOT Fixed! - in some cases download manager blank, new items not added; HOT Fixed! - opened favorites folder state not remembered; HOT Fixed! - rename local folder in Saved on My PC could leave old folder remaining (copy) October Update #1 - 10/3/2024 (Version 11.1.4711)
A code sanitizer is a programming tool that detects bugs in the form of undefined or suspicious behavior by a compiler inserting instrumentation code at runtime. The class of tools was first introduced by Google's AddressSanitizer (or ASan) of 2012, which uses directly mapped shadow memory to detect memory corruption such as buffer overflows or accesses to a dangling pointer (use-after-free).
Memory checking includes memory leaks, dangling pointers, uninitialized variables, use of invalid memory references, mismatched memory, allocation and deallocation, stack memory checks, and stack trace with controllable stack trace depth. Intel Inspector finds these errors and integrates with a debugger to identify the associated issues.
int main {int * a = new int (5); a = nullptr; /* The pointer in the 'a' no longer exists, and therefore cannot be freed, but the memory is still allocated by the system. If the program continues to create such pointers without freeing them, it will consume memory continuously. Therefore, a leak would occur. */}
Using non-owned memory: It is common to use pointers to access and modify memory. If such a pointer is a null pointer, dangling pointer (pointing to memory that has already been freed), or to a memory location outside of current stack or heap bounds, it is referring to memory that is not then possessed by the program. Using such pointers is a ...