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Cytokinesis illustration Ciliate undergoing cytokinesis, with the cleavage furrow being clearly visible.. Cytokinesis (/ ˌ s aɪ t oʊ k ɪ ˈ n iː s ɪ s /) is the part of the cell division process and part of mitosis during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells.
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G 1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G 2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm and cell membrane divides forming two daughter cells.
It contributes to virtually every step in cytokinesis, [1] It is highly conserved in animal cells as a component of the spindle midzone and midbody. [2] Centralspindlin is required for the assembly of the mitotic spindle [3] as well as for microtubule bundling and anchoring of midbody microtubules to the plasma membrane.
At the peak of the cyclin, attached to the cyclin dependent kinases this system pushes the cell out of interphase and into the M phase, where mitosis, meiosis, and cytokinesis occur. [19] There are three transition checkpoints the cell has to go through before entering the M phase. The most important being the G 1-S transition checkpoint. If ...
Animal cells form an actin-myosin contractile ring within the equatorial region of the cell membrane that constricts to form the cleavage furrow. [1] In plant cells, Golgi vesicle secretions form a cell plate or septum on the equatorial plane of the cell wall by the action of microtubules of the phragmoplast . [ 2 ]
Cytokines (/ ˈ s aɪ t ə k aɪ n /) [1] are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa [2]) important in cell signaling. Due to their size, cytokines cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm and therefore typically exert their functions by interacting with specific cytokine receptors on the target cell ...
Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant hormones that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. They are involved primarily in cell growth and differentiation , but also affect apical dominance , axillary bud growth, and leaf senescence .
FtsZ acts as an organizer protein and is required for cell division. It is the first component of the septum during cytokinesis, and it recruits all other known cell division proteins to the division site. [9] Despite this functional similarity to actin, FtsZ is homologous to eukaryal tubulin.