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Many seeds accumulate large reservoirs of seed oils to support germination and early growth of the seedling before it is a net photosynthetic organism. The cytosolic acetyl-CoA can also condense with acetoacetyl-CoA to form 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA which is the rate-limiting step controlling the synthesis of cholesterol. [16]
Acetyl Co-A can also be used in fatty acid synthesis, and a common function of the synthetase is to produce acetyl Co-A for this purpose. [3] The reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA synthetase takes place in two steps. First, AMP must be bound by the enzyme to cause a conformational change in the active site, which allows the reaction to take place.
Two specific enzymes participate on the carbon monoxide side of the pathway: CO dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA synthase. The former catalyzes the reduction of the CO 2 and the latter combines the resulting CO with a methyl group to give acetyl-CoA. [2] [1] [3] Some anaerobic bacteria use the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway in reverse to break down acetate.
In this system, the substances being transported are malate and citrate. The starting material is acetyl-CoA. It is a molecule that is involved in ATP synthesis, protein metabolism, and lipid metabolism. [6] As the inner membrane is not permeable to this molecule, acetyl-CoA needs to be converted into other products for effective transport. [7]
Its acetyl-coenzyme A form is the primary input in the citric acid cycle and is obtained from glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid beta oxidation. This process is the body's primary catabolic pathway and is essential in breaking down the building blocks of the cell such as carbohydrates , amino acids , and lipids .
It begins with acetyl-CoA and involves the stepwise condensation of two-carbon units, typically derived from malonyl-CoA, to form increasingly longer carbon chains. In fatty acid synthesis, these chains are fully reduced after each elongation step, while in polyketide synthesis, the reduction steps may be partially or completely omitted ...
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The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:[acyl-carrier-protein] S-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include acetyl coenzyme A-acyl-carrier-protein transacylase, acetyl-CoA:ACP transacylase, [acyl-carrier-protein]acetyltransferase, [ACP]acetyltransferase, and ACAT. This enzyme participates in fatty acid biosynthesis.