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Less common causes of osteomalacia can include hereditary deficiencies of vitamin D or phosphate (which would typically be identified in childhood) or malignancy. Vitamin D and calcium supplements are measures that can be used to prevent and treat osteomalacia. Vitamin D should always be administered in conjunction with calcium supplementation ...
Milk-alkali syndrome is caused by ingesting excessive amounts of both calcium (usually in the form of dietary supplements such as calcium carbonate, which is commonly taken to prevent or treat osteoporosis) and absorbable alkali (as are found in antacid drugs). [3] [8]
Bone decalcification is the softening of bones due to the removal of calcium ions, and can be performed as a histological technique to study bones and extract DNA. [1] [2] This process also occurs naturally during bone development and growth, and when uninhibited, can cause diseases such as osteomalacia.
Mapping of several bone diseases onto levels of vitamin D (calcidiol) in the blood [6] Normal bone vs. osteoporosis. Vitamin D deficiency is typically diagnosed by measuring the concentration of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the blood, which is the most accurate measure of stores of vitamin D in the body.
Osteomalacia and rickets due to deficiency of vitamin D [verification needed] Metabolic alkalosis with hypokalemia like Gitelman syndrome and Bartter syndrome can cause tetany. Vomiting induced alkalosis and hyperventilation induced respiratory alkalosis also cause tetany because of neuronal irritability.
Also in XLH, where PHEX enzymatic activity is absent or reduced, osteopontin [31] —a mineralization-inhibiting secreted substrate protein found in the extracellular matrix of bone [32] —accumulates in bone (and teeth) to contribute to the osteomalacia (and odontomalacia) as shown in the mouse homolog (Hyp) of XLH and in XLH patients. [33 ...
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Other relatively common sites include the upper arm bone, knee, shoulder, and ankle. [1] Diagnosis is typically by medical imaging such as X-ray, CT scan, or MRI. [1] Rarely biopsy may be used. [1] Treatments may include medication, not walking on the affected leg, stretching, and surgery. [1]