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The Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) partnership is an American multi-year national campaign to substantially reduce surgical mortality and morbidity through collaborative efforts between healthcare organizations.
Studies of the pathophysiologic mechanisms for the increased risk of venous thromboembolism or VTE after long-distance travel have not produced consistent results, but venous stasis appears to play a major role; other factors specific to air travel may increase coagulation activation, particularly in passengers with individual risk factors for VTE.
Dozens of genetic risk factors have been identified, [14] and they account for approximately 50 to 60% of the variability in VTE rates. [4] As such, family history of VTE is a risk factor for a first VTE. [88] Factor V Leiden, which makes factor V resistant to inactivation by activated protein C, [88] mildly increases VTE risk by about three times.
Numerous medications have been shown to reduce the risk of a person having a VTE, however careful decision making is required in order to decide if a person's risk of having a VTE outweighs the risks associated with most thromboprophylaxis treatment approaches (medications to prevent venous thrombosis).
The mainstay of VTE management is anticoagulation therapy, which prevents thrombus propagation and embolization. Such treatment reduces the risk of recurrence. [5] [4] [1] The choice and duration of anticoagulation depend on the individual patient's risk factors, bleeding risk, and preferences.
Generally speaking the risk for thrombosis increases over the life course of individuals, depending on life style factors like smoking, diet, and physical activity, the presence of other diseases like cancer or autoimmune disease, while also platelet properties change in aging individuals which is an important consideration as well.
The exact cause of atherosclerosis is unknown and is proposed to be multifactorial. [1] Risk factors include abnormal cholesterol levels, elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers, [12] high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking (both active and passive smoking), obesity, genetic factors, family history, lifestyle habits, and an unhealthy diet. [4]
The origin of the term "Virchow's Triad" is of historical interest, and has been subject to reinterpretation in recent years. [7] While both Virchow's and the modern triads describe thrombosis, the previous triad has been characterized as "the consequences of thrombosis", and the modern triad as "the causes of thrombosis".