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In mammalian outer hair cells, the varying receptor potential is converted to active vibrations of the cell body. This mechanical response to electrical signals is termed somatic electromotility; [13] it drives variations in the cell's length, synchronized to the incoming sound signal, and provides mechanical amplification by feedback to the traveling wave.
The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants. The anatomy and physiology that make this happen varies greatly, depending on the size of the organism, the environment in which it lives and its evolutionary ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 4 March 2025. List of organ systems in the human body Part of a series of lists about Human anatomy General Features Regions Variations Movements Systems Structures Arteries Bones Eponymous Foramina Glands endocrine exocrine Lymphatic vessels Nerves Organs Systems Veins Muscles Abductors Adductors ...
The heart works by pumping blood around the body allowing oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones and white blood cells to be transported. Diagram of the human heart. The heart is composed of two atria and two ventricles. The primary purpose of the atria is to allow uninterrupted venous blood flow to the heart during ventricular systole.
Another important cell type is the pulmonary neuroendocrine cell. These are innervated cells that only make up around 0.5% of the respiratory epithelial cells. [7] The ciliated cells are columnar epithelial cells with specialized ciliary modifications. The ciliated cells make up between 50 and 80 per cent of the epithelium. [8]
The resulting immune functions of these non-hematopoietic, structural cells contribute to the mammalian immune system ("structural immunity"). [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Relevant aspects of the epithelial cell response to infections are encoded in the epigenome of these cells, which enables a rapid response to immunological challenges.
Non-motile cilia that have a central pair of microtubules are the kinocilia present on hair cells. [5] Motile cilia are found in large numbers on respiratory epithelial cells – around 200 cilia per cell, where they function in mucociliary clearance, and also have mechanosensory and chemosensory functions.
English: The respiratory system consists of the airways, the lungs, and the respiratory muscles that mediate the movement of air into and out of the body. Español : Diagrama esquemático del sistema respiratorio humano , mostrando los pulmones , los alvéolos , y los músculos que permiten al aire entrar y salir del cuerpo.