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  2. Idempotence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idempotence

    Pressing the On button (green) is an idempotent operation, since it has the same effect whether done once or multiple times. Likewise, pressing Off is idempotent. Idempotence ( UK : / ˌ ɪ d ɛ m ˈ p oʊ t ən s / , [ 1 ] US : / ˈ aɪ d ə m -/ ) [ 2 ] is the property of certain operations in mathematics and computer science whereby they can ...

  3. Indecomposable module - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indecomposable_module

    By looking at the endomorphism ring of a module, one can tell whether the module is indecomposable: if and only if the endomorphism ring does not contain an idempotent element different from 0 and 1. [1] (If f is such an idempotent endomorphism of M, then M is the direct sum of ker(f) and im(f).)

  4. Decomposition of a module - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition_of_a_module

    The summation of idempotent endomorphisms corresponds to the decomposition of the unity of R: =, which is necessarily a finite sum; in particular, must be a finite set. For example, take R = M n ⁡ ( D ) {\displaystyle R=\operatorname {M} _{n}(D)} , the ring of n -by- n matrices over a division ring D .

  5. Rounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding

    If x is negative, round-down is the same as round-away-from-zero, and round-up is the same as round-toward-zero. In any case, if x is an integer, y is just x . Where many calculations are done in sequence, the choice of rounding method can have a very significant effect on the result.

  6. Side effect (computer science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effect_(computer_science)

    setx is idempotent because the second application of setx to 3 has the same effect on the system state as the first application: x was already set to 3 after the first application, and it is still set to 3 after the second application. A pure function is idempotent if it is idempotent in the mathematical sense. For instance, consider the ...

  7. Idempotent (ring theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idempotent_(ring_theory)

    An idempotent a + I in the quotient ring R / I is said to lift modulo I if there is an idempotent b in R such that b + I = a + I. An idempotent a of R is called a full idempotent if RaR = R. A separability idempotent; see Separable algebra. Any non-trivial idempotent a is a zero divisor (because ab = 0 with neither a nor b being zero, where b ...

  8. Boolean ring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_ring

    The maximal ring of quotients Q(R) (in the sense of Utumi and Lambek) of a Boolean ring R is a Boolean ring, since every partial endomorphism is idempotent. [ 6 ] Every prime ideal P in a Boolean ring R is maximal : the quotient ring R / P is an integral domain and also a Boolean ring, so it is isomorphic to the field F 2 , which shows the ...

  9. Round-off error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-off_error

    Round-by-chop: The base-expansion of is truncated after the ()-th digit. This rounding rule is biased because it always moves the result toward zero. Round-to-nearest: () is set to the nearest floating-point number to . When there is a tie, the floating-point number whose last stored digit is even (also, the last digit, in binary form, is equal ...