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Under previous construction methods, contractors used wood, vinyl, or light-weight steel to block out door and window openings while pouring the concrete. [11] On residential projects, with only around 10 to 20 openings, this method sufficed. On larger construction projects, however, these methods of blocking out the openings meet problems:
The structural frame of a pole building is made of tree trunks, utility poles, engineered lumber or chemically pressure-treated squared timbers which may be buried in the ground or anchored to a concrete slab. Generally the posts are evenly spaced 8 to 12 feet (2.4 to 3.7 m) apart except to allow for doors.
Steel column members must be verified as adequate to prevent buckling after axial and moment requirements are met. There are currently two common methods of steel design: The first method is the Allowable Strength Design (ASD) method. The second is the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method. Both use a strength, or ultimate level ...
The first example of the tube's use is the 43-story Khan-designed DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building, since renamed Plaza on DeWitt, in Chicago, Illinois, finished in 1966. [2] The system can be built using steel, concrete, or composite construction (the discrete use of both steel and concrete).
In housing, load-bearing walls are most common in the light construction method known as "platform framing". In the birth of the skyscraper era, the concurrent rise of steel as a more suitable framing system first designed by William Le Baron Jenney , and the limitations of load-bearing construction in large buildings, led to a decline in the ...
Steel frame structure Rectangular steel frame, or "perimeter frame" of the Willis building (at right) contrasted against the diagrid frame at 30 St Mary Axe (at center), in London. Steel frame is a building technique with a " skeleton frame" of vertical steel columns and horizontal I-beams , constructed in a rectangular grid to support the ...
EN 1993-1-2 deals with the design of steel structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and it has to be used in conjunction with EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1991-1-2. This part only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design. EN 1993-1-2 deals only with passive methods of fire protection.
Portal frame is a construction technique where vertical supports are connected to horizontal beams or trusses via fixed joints with designed-in moment-resisting capacity. [1] The result is wide spans and open floors. Portal frame structures can be constructed using a variety of materials and methods. These include steel, reinforced concrete and ...