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  2. Merton's portfolio problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton's_portfolio_problem

    Merton's portfolio problem is a problem in continuous-time finance and in particular intertemporal portfolio choice. An investor must choose how much to consume and must allocate their wealth between stocks and a risk-free asset so as to maximize expected utility .

  3. Markowitz model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markowitz_model

    In Figure 1, the shaded area PVWP includes all the possible securities an investor can invest in. The efficient portfolios are the ones that lie on the boundary of PQVW. For example, at risk level x 2, there are three portfolios S, T, U. But portfolio S is called the efficient portfolio as it has the highest return, y 2, compared to T and U ...

  4. Modern portfolio theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theory

    If all the asset pairs have correlations of 0 — they are perfectly uncorrelated — the portfolio's return variance is the sum over all assets of the square of the fraction held in the asset times the asset's return variance (and the portfolio standard deviation is the square root of this sum).

  5. Kelly criterion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_criterion

    Example of the optimal Kelly betting fraction, versus expected return of other fractional bets. In probability theory, the Kelly criterion (or Kelly strategy or Kelly bet) is a formula for sizing a sequence of bets by maximizing the long-term expected value of the logarithm of wealth, which is equivalent to maximizing the long-term expected geometric growth rate.

  6. Portfolio optimization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolio_optimization

    An example of the former would be choosing the proportions placed in equities versus bonds, while an example of the latter would be choosing the proportions of the stock sub-portfolio placed in stocks X, Y, and Z. Equities and bonds have fundamentally different financial characteristics and have different systematic risk and hence can be viewed ...

  7. Value at risk - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_at_risk

    The 5% Value at Risk of a hypothetical profit-and-loss probability density function. Value at risk (VaR) is a measure of the risk of loss of investment/capital.It estimates how much a set of investments might lose (with a given probability), given normal market conditions, in a set time period such as a day.

  8. Algorithms for calculating variance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithms_for_calculating...

    Algorithms for calculating variance play a major role in computational statistics.A key difficulty in the design of good algorithms for this problem is that formulas for the variance may involve sums of squares, which can lead to numerical instability as well as to arithmetic overflow when dealing with large values.

  9. Heston model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heston_model

    In finance, the Heston model, named after Steven L. Heston, is a mathematical model that describes the evolution of the volatility of an underlying asset. [1] It is a stochastic volatility model: such a model assumes that the volatility of the asset is not constant, nor even deterministic, but follows a random process.