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For example, it is possible to have the standard C++ string as a member of a union. The primary use of a union is allowing access to a common location by different data types, for example hardware input/output access, bitfield and word sharing, or type punning .
The above rules also apply to all the base classes and to all non-static data members in the class hierarchy; It has no base classes of the same type as the first defined non-static data member; A class/struct/union is considered POD if it is trivial, standard-layout, and all of its non-static data members and base classes are PODs.
A class in C++ is a user-defined type or data structure declared with any of the keywords class, struct or union (the first two are collectively referred to as non-union classes) that has data and functions (also called member variables and member functions) as its members whose access is governed by the three access specifiers private, protected or public.
Class names should be nouns in UpperCamelCase, with the first letter of every word capitalised. Use whole words – avoid acronyms and abbreviations (unless the abbreviation is much more widely used than the long form, such as URL or HTML). class Raster {} class ImageSprite {} Methods
The "generic programming" paradigm is an approach to software decomposition whereby fundamental requirements on types are abstracted from across concrete examples of algorithms and data structures and formalized as concepts, analogously to the abstraction of algebraic theories in abstract algebra. [6]
One advanced dialect of C, called Cyclone, has extensive built-in support for tagged unions. [1] The enum types in the Rust, Haxe, and Swift languages also work as tagged unions. The variant library from the Boost C++ Libraries demonstrated it was possible to implement a safe tagged union as a library in C++, visitable using function objects.
This particular use of the CRTP has been called "simulated dynamic binding" by some. [10] This pattern is used extensively in the Windows ATL and WTL libraries. To elaborate on the above example, consider a base class with no virtual functions. Whenever the base class calls another member function, it will always call its own base class functions.
This allows also for array members in class-type NTTP. Floating-point types, [133] pointers and references and unions and union-like classes (class types containing anonymous unions) are now allowed as NTTP. Function identity now also includes trailing requires-clauses (P1971) Constrained non-template functions have been removed