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Heller myotomy is a surgical procedure [1] in which the muscles of the cardia (lower esophageal sphincter or LES) are cut, allowing food and liquids to pass to the stomach.It is used to treat achalasia, a disorder in which the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax properly, making it difficult for food and liquids to reach the stomach.
Pyloromyotomy is a surgical procedure in which a portion of the muscle fibers of the pyloric muscle are cut. This is typically done in cases where the contents from the stomach are inappropriately stopped by the pyloric muscle, causing the stomach contents to build up in the stomach and unable to be appropriately digested.
The per-oral endoscopic myotomy, or POEM, is a minimally invasive surgical procedure for the treatment of achalasia wherein the inner circular muscle layer of the lower esophageal sphincter is divided through a submucosal tunnel. [1] This enables food and liquids to pass into the stomach, a process that is impaired in achalasia.
The muscle of the inner layer is arranged in circular rings around the tract, whereas the muscle of the outer layer is arranged longitudinally. The stomach has an extra layer, an inner oblique muscular layer. [1] Between the two muscle layers is the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus). This controls peristalsis.
The SADI-S is a single anastomosis bariatric surgery. It is different from the classic duodenal switch, the gastric bypass (RNY) or sleeve gastrectomy.It is a type of bariatric surgery carried out to lose weight and to mitigate various metabolic issues including type 2 diabetes, dislipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome.
The operation usually performed is an antrectomy, the removal of the antral portion of the stomach. Other surgical approaches include: vagotomy, the severing of the vagus nerve, the Billroth I, a procedure which involves anastomosing the duodenum to the distal stomach, or a bilateral truncal vagotomy with gastrojejunostomy.
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The largest study of endoscopic mucosal resection by the Australian Consortium included 1000 cases and long term surveillance. [2] After exclusion of 79 unresectable lesions, the remainder were treated by endoscopic mucosal resection. Overall 98.1% were disease free at the end of two rounds (typically at 6 and 18 months) of follow up.