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Thus, the ratio of the kinetic energy to the absolute temperature of an ideal monatomic gas can be calculated easily: per mole: 12.47 J/K; per molecule: 20.7 yJ/K = 129 μeV/K; At standard temperature (273.15 K), the kinetic energy can also be obtained: per mole: 3406 J; per molecule: 5.65 zJ = 35.2 meV.
The chemical energy has been converted into kinetic energy, the energy of motion, but the process is not completely efficient and produces thermal energy within the cyclist. The kinetic energy in the moving cyclist and the bicycle can be converted to other forms.
The relative importance of intermolecular attractions diminishes with increasing thermal kinetic energy, i.e., with increasing temperatures. More detailed equations of state , such as the van der Waals equation , account for deviations from ideality caused by molecular size and intermolecular forces.
Since the kinetic energy is quadratic in the components of the velocity, by equipartition these three components each contribute 1 ⁄ 2 k B T to the average kinetic energy in thermal equilibrium. Thus the average kinetic energy of the particle is 3 / 2 k B T, as in the example of noble gases above.
The term "thermal energy" is often used ambiguously in physics and engineering. [1] It can denote several different physical concepts, including: Internal energy: The energy contained within a body of matter or radiation, excluding the potential energy of the whole system, and excluding the kinetic energy of the system moving as a whole.
Defining equation SI unit Dimension Temperature gradient: No standard symbol K⋅m −1: ΘL −1: Thermal conduction rate, thermal current, thermal/heat flux, thermal power transfer P = / W ML 2 T −3: Thermal intensity I = / W⋅m −2
According to the equipartition of energy this means that there is a thermal energy of 3 / 2 kT per atom. This corresponds very well with experimental data. The thermal energy can be used to calculate the root-mean-square speed of the atoms, which turns out to be inversely proportional to the square root of the atomic mass.
The potential energy is taken to be zero, so that all energy is in the form of kinetic energy. The relationship between kinetic energy and momentum for massive non- relativistic particles is E = p 2 2 m {\displaystyle E={\frac {p^{2}}{2m}}}