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[2] According to Gibson, the term criminology was most likely coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as Criminologia . [2] In the late 19th century, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term Criminologie . [3] Criminology grew substantially as a discipline in the first quarter of the twentieth century.
He was a student of Cesare Lombroso, often regarded as the father of criminology.He rejected the doctrine of free will (which was the main tenet of the Classical School) and supported the position that crime can be understood only if it is studied by scientific methods.
The Positivist School was founded by Cesare Lombroso and led by two others: Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo.In criminology, it has attempted to find scientific objectivity for the measurement and quantification of criminal behavior.
Cesare Lombroso (/ l ɒ m ˈ b r oʊ s oʊ / lom-BROH-soh, [1] [2] US also / l ɔː m ˈ-/ lawm-; [3] Italian: [ˈtʃeːzare lomˈbroːzo, ˈtʃɛː-,-oːso]; born Ezechia Marco Lombroso; 6 November 1835 – 19 October 1909) was an Italian eugenicist, criminologist, phrenologist, physician, and founder of the Italian school of criminology.
The Italian school of criminology was founded at the end of the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909) and two of his Italian disciples, Enrico Ferri (1856–1929) and Raffaele Garofalo (1851–1934).
While Lombroso researched anthropological criminology, Ferri focused more on social and economic influences on the criminal and crime rates. Ferri's research led to him postulating theories calling for crime prevention methods to be the mainstay of law enforcement, as opposed to punishment of criminals after their crimes had taken place.
Gross was born on December 26, 1847, in Graz, Austria. [1] As a young adult, Hans Gross graduated in 1870 as a jurist from his hometown's university. [2] [3] His education resulted in two decades of learned knowledge in law.
The state initially continued operating under the provisions of its 1663 charter, which simply said that the governor and deputy-governor would be elected from time to time. The 1842 constitution formalized the terms for governor and lieutenant governor to be one year, beginning on the first Tuesday of May after the election. [ 3 ]