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Styrene is regarded as a "known carcinogen", especially in case of eye contact, but also in case of skin contact, of ingestion and of inhalation, according to several sources. [20] [33] [34] [35] Styrene is largely metabolized into styrene oxide in humans, resulting from oxidation by cytochrome P450.
Studies using human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) demonstrated that the TBPH metabolite TBMEHP is more toxic than TBPH itself, since it inhibited cell growth, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. [26] Still, the metabolism of DEHP to its toxic metabolite (MEHP) is approximately 100 times faster than the metabolism of TBPH to ...
Styrene oxide is a main metabolite of styrene in humans or animals, resulting from oxidation by cytochrome P450. It is considered possibly carcinogenic from gavaging significant amounts into mice and rats. [4] Styrene oxide is subsequently hydrolyzed in vivo to styrene glycol by epoxide hydrolase. [5]
Humans are exposed to toxic chemicals and microplastics at all stages in the plastics life cycle. Microplastics effects on human health are of growing concern and an area of research. The tiny particles known as microplastics (MPs), have been found in various environmental and biological matrices, including air, water, food, and human tissues.
Polystyrene integrated solid foams are not commonly used in biomedical applications but have shown promise as a new drug delivery vehicle. The manipulation of the porous foam networks is a fundamental component in solid foam dosing – affecting variables such as dissolution, adsorption, and drug diffusion. [4]
Colon cells with reduced ability to undergo apoptosis in response to DNA damage would tend to accumulate mutations, and such cells may give rise to colon cancer. [52] Epidemiologic studies have found that fecal bile acid concentrations are increased in populations with a high incidence of colon cancer.
A colony of limpets attached to a diving mask, found washed ashore on a beach The plastisphere is a human-made ecosystem consisting of organisms able to live on plastic waste. Plastic marine debris , most notably microplastics , accumulates in aquatic environments and serves as a habitat for various types of microorganisms, including bacteria ...
Myotoxins are small, basic peptides found in snake and lizard venoms, They cause muscle tissue damage by a non-enzymatic receptor based mechanism. Organisms that possess myotoxins include: rattlesnakes; Mexican beaded lizard; Cytotoxins are toxic at the level of individual cells, either in a non-specific fashion or only in certain types of ...