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Styrene is regarded as a "known carcinogen", especially in case of eye contact, but also in case of skin contact, of ingestion and of inhalation, according to several sources. [20] [33] [34] [35] Styrene is largely metabolized into styrene oxide in humans, resulting from oxidation by cytochrome P450.
Styrene oxide is a main metabolite of styrene in humans or animals, resulting from oxidation by cytochrome P450. It is considered possibly carcinogenic from gavaging significant amounts into mice and rats. [4] Styrene oxide is subsequently hydrolyzed in vivo to styrene glycol by epoxide hydrolase. [5]
General phytotoxic effects include altered plant metabolism, growth inhibition, or plant death. [2] Changes to plant metabolism and growth are the result of disrupted physiological functioning, including inhibition of photosynthesis, water and nutrient uptake, cell division, or seed germination. [1]
Styrene is "generally found in such low levels in consumer products that risks aren't substantial". [110] Polystyrene which is used for food contact may not contain more than 1% (0.5% for fatty foods) of styrene by weight. [111] Styrene oligomers in polystyrene containers used for food packaging have been found to migrate into the food. [112]
Humans are exposed to toxic chemicals and microplastics at all stages in the plastics life cycle. Microplastics effects on human health are of growing concern and an area of research. The tiny particles known as microplastics (MPs), have been found in various environmental and biological matrices, including air, water, food, and human tissues.
Myotoxins are small, basic peptides found in snake and lizard venoms, They cause muscle tissue damage by a non-enzymatic receptor based mechanism. Organisms that possess myotoxins include: rattlesnakes; Mexican beaded lizard; Cytotoxins are toxic at the level of individual cells, either in a non-specific fashion or only in certain types of ...
Plant hormones, which are secondary metabolites, are often used to regulate the metabolic activity within cells and oversee the overall development of the plant. As mentioned above in the History tab, secondary plant metabolites help the plant maintain an intricate balance with the environment, often adapting to match the environmental needs.
A colony of limpets attached to a diving mask, found washed ashore on a beach The plastisphere is a human-made ecosystem consisting of organisms able to live on plastic waste. Plastic marine debris , most notably microplastics , accumulates in aquatic environments and serves as a habitat for various types of microorganisms, including bacteria ...