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By the late Enlightenment, there was a rising demand for a more universal approach to education, particularly after the American Revolution and the French Revolution. The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries, was associationism : the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ...
Voltaire perceived the French bourgeoisie to be too small and ineffective, the aristocracy to be parasitic and corrupt, the commoners as ignorant and superstitious, and the Church as a static and oppressive force useful only on occasion as a counterbalance to the rapacity of kings, although all too often, even more rapacious itself.
The Republic of Letters (Res Publica Litterarum or Res Publica Literaria) was the long-distance intellectual community in the late 17th and 18th centuries in Europe and the Americas.
The "Philosophes" were 18th-century French intellectuals who dominated the French Enlightenment and were influential across Europe. [45] The philosopher Denis Diderot was editor-in-chief of the famous Enlightenment accomplishment, the 72,000-article Encyclopédie (1751–72). [ 46 ]
French Revolution: 150,000+ [1] Napoleonic Wars: 3,500,000–7,000,000 (see Napoleonic Wars casualties) Over 3,687,324–7,187,324 casualties (other wars excluded) The Age of Revolution is a period from the late-18th to the mid-19th centuries during which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred in most of Europe and the ...
The philosophes (French for 'philosophers') were the intellectuals of the 18th-century European Enlightenment. [1] Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics and social issues.
The British government generally ignored the Enlightenment's leaders. Frederick the Great, who ruled Prussia 1740–1786, was an enthusiast for French ideas [citation needed] (he ridiculed German culture and was unaware of the remarkable advances it was undergoing [citation needed]).
Each of these methodologies focuses on different aspects of the salons, and thus there are varying analyses of the salons’ importance in terms of French history and the Enlightenment as a whole. In the Salon of Madame Geoffrin in 1755 by Anicet Charles Gabriel Lemonnier. A reading in the Salon of Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin, 1755