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Foot binding (simplified Chinese: 缠足; traditional Chinese: 纏足; pinyin: chánzú), or footbinding, was the Chinese custom of breaking and tightly binding the feet of young girls to change their shape and size. Feet altered by foot binding were known as lotus feet and the shoes made for them were known as lotus shoes.
During the Song dynasty, foot binding also became popular among the elite, later spreading to other social classes. The earliest known references to bound feet appeared in this period, and evidence from archaeology also indicates that foot binding was practiced among elite women in the thirteenth century.
A noted repressive practice was foot binding. [4] Foot binding originated during the Song dynasty, and was practiced by the wealthiest members of society in the 11th century. Over time, the practice increased and spread to the peasantry. [3] Foot binding was intended to differentiate between upper and lower classes; it was considered attractive ...
Manchu women did not practice foot binding; [29] [8]: 59 Banner women were also forbidden from adopting foot binding customs [5]: 41 although some Manchu women did transgress this rule. [8]: 341 Manchu shoes for Manchu women include Manchu platform shoes, which were used to emulate the bound feet gait of the Han Chinese. [8]: 341
Similar to the aforementioned feet binding, waist binding was common practice; men were attracted to women who swayed when they walked due to improper hip growth. [21] In the later Tang dynasty, fuller figures were more popular due to associations with good fortune and wealth.
The Foot Emancipation Society (Chinese: 不缠足会; pinyin: Bù chánzú huì), or Anti-footbinding Society (戒缠足会; Jiè chánzú huì), was a civil organization which opposed foot binding in late Qing dynasty China. [1] It was affected by the Hundred Days' Reform of 1898, and this organization advanced the feminist movement in China.
In the late Qing dynasty, Manchu women eventually did practice some kind of loose foot binding, called liutiaojiao (lit. 'willow branch feet') for a short duration of time (only 1 month) in order to compress the feet in a narrow, knife-like shape under the influence of the Han Chinese. [2]
The Five Punishments (Chinese: 五刑; pinyin: wǔ xíng; Cantonese Yale: ńgh yìhng) was the collective name for a series of physical penalties meted out by the legal system of pre-modern dynastic China. [1] Over time, the nature of the Five Punishments varied. Before the Western Han dynasty Emperor Han Wendi (r.