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Canada asserts that all waters within the bounds of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, including the Northwest Passage, are within its internal waters. [6] [7] They also include the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Strait of Georgia, Queen Charlotte Sound and Hecate Strait, [8] the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Bay of Fundy. [9]
The claim by one state of a waterway as internal waters has led to disputes with other states. For example, Canada claims a section of the Northwest Passage as part of its internal waters, fully under Canadian jurisdiction, [3] a claim which has been disputed by the United States and most maritime nations, which consider them to be an international strait, which means that foreign vessels have ...
In the Pacific, the Canadian territorial sea and fishing zones expanded from 46,600 sq mi (121,000 km 2) to 135,546 sq mi (351,060 km 2). [16] The EEZ encompass all waters seaward of the territorial sea limits to a distance of 200 nautical miles. All countries still have numerous high seas rights for transit and communication. [17]
This new ecozone map includes 18 terrestrial, 12 marine and 1 freshwater ecozone, the latter two of which were derived from the marine bioregions outlined by Fisheries and Oceans Canada in 2009. [8] [6] This comprehensive framework is currently in use by Environment and Climate Change Canada to determine protected area coverage of Canada's ...
Canada claims all the waterways of the Northwest Passage as Canadian Internal Waters; however, most maritime countries view these as international waters. [ 9 ] [ failed verification ] Disagreement over the passages' status has raised Canadian concerns about environmental enforcement, national security, and general sovereignty.
The Canadian government classifies the waters of the Northwest Passage in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, as internal waters of Canada as per the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and by the precedent in the drawing of baselines for other archipelagos, giving Canada the right to bar transit through these waters. [12]
Schematic map of maritime zones (aerial view). Territorial waters are informally an area of water where a sovereign state has jurisdiction, including internal waters, the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, and potentially the extended continental shelf (these components are sometimes collectively called the maritime zones [1]).
A topographic map of Canada, in polar projection (for 90° W), showing elevations shaded from green to brown (higher) By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country. [115] By land area alone, Canada ranks fourth, due to having the world's largest area of fresh water lakes. [116]