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Symptoms suggestive of cord compression are back pain, a dermatome of increased sensation, paralysis of limbs below the level of compression, decreased sensation below the level of compression, urinary and fecal incontinence and/or urinary retention.
Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a condition that occurs when the bundle of nerves below the end of the spinal cord known as the cauda equina is damaged. [2] Signs and symptoms include low back pain, pain that radiates down the leg, numbness around the anus, and loss of bowel or bladder control. [1]
This contributes to narrowing the spinal canal and compressing the spinal cord in the corresponding region. Herniated disk due to tearing of the spinal disk over time, causes the disk to protrude and exert pressure on surrounding spinal nerve tissue. Consequent compression on the spinal cord at the cervical region causes CSM. [12]
However, both upper and lower motor neuron disorders can lead to constipation and/ or incontinence. [14] [13] Spinal cord injury above the S2, S3, S4 level results in preserved reflexes in the rectum and anal canal. Hence the sphincter will remain contracted. [12] Spinal cord injury below this level results in absent reflexes.
In Pakistan, spinal cord injury is more common in males (92.68%) as compared to females in the 20–30 years of age group with a median age of 40 years, although people from 12–70 years of age suffered from spinal cord injury [73] Rates of injury are at their lowest in children, at their highest in the late teens to early twenties, then get ...
Moderate-to-severe cases can cause radicular pain in the legs caused by nerve root compression. [5] The symptoms are usually exacerbated by upright posture and often, but not always, relieved by lying down. Postural headaches can be related to spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks. [6] However, in many patients, dural ectasia is ...
Damage to the spinal cord can be caused by traumatic injury, demyelinating disease, meningitis-retention syndrome, vitamin B 12 deficiency, syringomyelia, cauda equina syndrome, or spina bifida. Spinal cord compression from herniated disks, tumor, or spinal stenosis can also result in neurogenic bladder. [5] [8]
Signs include rear limb weakness or paralysis, urinary or fecal incontinence, and spinal pain. [5] Most cases of hemivertebrae have no or mild symptoms, so treatment is usually conservative. Severe cases may respond to surgical spinal cord decompression and vertebral stabilization. [6]