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Urinalysis, a portmanteau of the words urine and analysis, [1] is a panel of medical tests that includes physical (macroscopic) examination of the urine, chemical evaluation using urine test strips, and microscopic examination.
Measurement Lower limit Upper limit Unit Urinary specific gravity: 1.003 [1] [2]: 1.030 [1] [2]: g/mL Urobilinogen: 0.2 [2]: 1.0 [2]: Ehrlich units or mg/dL : Free catecholamines, dopamine ...
Increasing the urine pH to a value higher than 7.0 may increase the risk of calcium phosphate stone formation, though this concept is controversial since citrate does inhibit calcium phosphate crystallization. Testing the urine periodically with nitrazine paper can help to ensure the urine pH remains in this optimal range. Using this approach ...
Bacteriuria is assumed if a single bacterial species is isolated in a concentration greater than 100,000 colony forming units per millilitre of urine in clean-catch midstream urine specimens. [16] In urine samples obtained from women, there is a risk for bacterial contamination from the vaginal flora.
It was this multistage test — a description of which was first published in 1963 — that became known as the Bruce Protocol. In the initial paper, Bruce reported that the test could detect signs of such conditions as angina pectoris, a previous heart attack, or a ventricular aneurysm. Bruce and his colleagues also demonstrated that exercise ...
In a urinalysis, the normal amount of urinary calcium can be measured in amount per time (commonly per 24 hours).It can also be measured in amount per mass of creatinine, which avails for estimating the urinary calcium excretion in a spot urine sample, because urinary creatinine clearance is relatively unaffected by differences in free water clearance which occurs, for example, in dehydration ...
Currently, C-reactive protein is not recommended as a cardiovascular disease screening test for average-risk adults without symptoms. [58] The American Heart Association and U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have defined risk groups as follows: [59] [26] Low Risk: less than 1.0 mg/L; Average risk: 1.0 to 3.0 mg/L; High risk: above ...
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. [4] Central to the physiologic maintenance of GFR is the differential basal tone of the afferent (input) and efferent (output) arterioles (see diagram).