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  2. Buffer solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_solution

    A buffer solution is a solution where the pH does not change significantly on dilution or if an acid or base is added at constant temperature. [1] Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical ...

  3. Isohydric principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isohydric_principle

    The isohydric principle is the phenomenon whereby multiple acid/base pairs in solution will be in equilibrium with one another, tied together by their common reagent: the hydrogen ion and hence, the pH of solution. That is, when several buffers are present together in the same solution, they are all exposed to the same hydrogen ion activity ...

  4. Hydrogen ion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_ion

    The concentration of hydrogen ions and pH are inversely proportional; in an aqueous solution, an increased concentration of hydrogen ions yields a low pH, and subsequently, an acidic product. By definition, an acid is an ion or molecule that can donate a proton, and when introduced to a solution it will react with water molecules (H 2 O) to ...

  5. pH - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH

    A combined glass electrode has an in-built reference electrode. It is calibrated against Buffer solutions of known hydrogen ion (H +) activity proposed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . [3] Two or more buffer solutions are used in order to accommodate the fact that the "slope" may differ slightly from ideal.

  6. Henderson–Hasselbalch equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson–Hasselbalch...

    The carbonate buffer system is a series of reactions that uses carbonate as a buffer to convert into bicarbonate. [12] The carbonate buffer reaction helps maintain a constant H+ concentration in the ocean because it consumes hydrogen ions, [13] and thereby maintains a constant pH. [12]

  7. Bicarbonate buffer system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonate_buffer_system

    Most of the carbonic acid then dissociates to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate buffer system is an acid-base homeostatic mechanism involving the balance of carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), bicarbonate ion (HCO − 3), and carbon dioxide (CO 2) in order to maintain pH in the blood and duodenum, among other tissues, to support proper ...

  8. Common-ion effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-ion_effect

    A buffer solution contains an acid and its conjugate base or a base and its conjugate acid. [2] Addition of the conjugate ion will result in a change of pH of the buffer solution. For example, if both sodium acetate and acetic acid are dissolved in the same solution they both dissociate and ionize to produce acetate ions.

  9. Glossary of engineering: A–L - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_A–L

    Buffer solution A buffer solution (more precisely, pH buffer or hydrogen ion buffer) is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice versa. Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant ...