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The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." [1] Identified by the 2012 World Development Report as one of two key human capital endowments, health can influence an individual's ability to reach his or her full potential in society. [2]
Certain cultural practices, such as female genital mutilation (FGM), negatively affect women's health. [35] Female genital mutilation is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia. It is rooted in inequality between the sexes, and constitutes a form of discrimination against women. [35]
Claudia Goldin described women's participation rate in the workforce as a U-shaped curve. One that as a country develops, women's participation rate in the workforce starts high, declines, and then rises again. Its decline starts from a move from production in the household, family farm, or small business to a wider market.
This effect can be seen in the corporate and bureaucratic environments of many countries, lowering the chances of women to excel. It prevents women from succeeding and making the maximum use of their potential, which is at a cost for women as well as the society's development. [56] Ensuring that women's rights are protected and endorsed can ...
[1] [2] Some Feminist theorists suggest that these social and historical factors have perpetuated women's low participation rates in engineering over time. [2] Numerous explanations and points of view have been offered to explain women's participation rates in this field.
The latter group says it ignores the larger social processes that affect women's lives and their reproductive roles. [4] The approach does not address the root causes of gender inequalities. [ 17 ] The Gender and Development (GAD) approach in the 1980s attempted to redress the problem, using gender analysis to develop a broader view. [ 4 ]
Feminization of poverty refers to a trend of increasing inequality in living standards between men and women due to the widening gender gap in poverty.This phenomenon largely links to how women and children are disproportionately represented within the lower socioeconomic status community in comparison to men within the same socioeconomic status. [1]
Women's weekly earnings as a percentage of men's in the U.S. by age, 1979–2005 [14] In the United States, women's pay has increased relative to men since the 1960s. According to US census data, women's median earnings in 1963 were 56% of men's. [15] In 2016, women's median earnings had increased to 79% of men's. [15]