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The USB 3.1 specification takes over the existing USB 3.0's SuperSpeed USB transfer rate, now referred to as USB 3.1 Gen 1, and introduces a faster transfer rate called SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps, corresponding to operation mode USB 3.1 Gen 2, [62] putting it on par with a single first-generation Thunderbolt channel.
Full speed (FS) rate of 12 Mbit/s is the basic USB signaling rate defined by USB 1.0. All USB hubs can operate at this rate. High speed (HS) rate of 480 Mbit/s was introduced in 2001 by USB 2.0. High-speed devices must also be capable of falling-back to full-speed as well, making high-speed devices backward compatible with USB 1.1 hosts ...
USB 2.0 was released in April 2000, adding a higher maximum signaling rate of 480 Mbit/s (maximum theoretical data throughput 53 MByte/s [25]) named High Speed or High Bandwidth, in addition to the USB 1.x Full Speed signaling rate of 12 Mbit/s (maximum theoretical data throughput 1.2 MByte/s).
The physical phenomena on which the device relies (such as spinning platters in a hard drive) will also impose limits; for instance, no spinning platter shipping in 2009 saturates SATA revision 2.0 (3 Gbit/s), so moving from this 3 Gbit/s interface to USB 3.0 at 4.8 Gbit/s for one spinning drive will result in no increase in realized transfer rate.
Unlike USB 2.0 and USB 3.x, it does not provide a way to transfer data directly, it is rather a mere container that can contain multiple virtual connections ("tunnels"). Other specifications are referenced to define the contents and internal functionality of a tunnel. USB4 defines the following tunnel types: USB3 connections; DisplayPort ...
It preserves existing USB 3.1 SuperSpeed and SuperSpeed+ data modes and introduces two new SuperSpeed+ transfer modes over the USB-C connector using two-lane operation, doubling the signalling rates to 10 and 20 Gbit/s (raw data rate 1 and ~2.4 GB/s). USB 3.2 is only supported by USB-C, making previously used USB connectors obsolete.
There are five speeds for USB data transfer: Low Speed, Full Speed, High Speed (from version 2.0 of the specification), SuperSpeed (from version 3.0), and SuperSpeed+ (from version 3.1). The modes have differing hardware and cabling requirements.
When used with an SSD, UAS is considerably faster than BOT for random reads and writes given the same USB transfer rate. The speed of a native SATA 3 interface is 6.0 Gbit/s. When using a USB 3.0 link (5.0 Gbit/s), which is slower than a SATA3 link, the performance will be limited by the USB link.