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Additive effect can be used to detect synergy as it can be considered as the baseline effect in methods determining whether drugs have synergistic effect. Synergistic effect is similar to additive effect, having a combination effect greater than additive effect. It can produce an effect of 2+2 > 4 when two drugs are used together.
In the natural world, synergistic phenomena are ubiquitous, ranging from physics (for example, the different combinations of quarks that produce protons and neutrons) to chemistry (a popular example is water, a compound of hydrogen and oxygen), to the cooperative interactions among the genes in genomes, the division of labor in bacterial ...
The outcome can be activation of transcription or repression of a gene. For example, the combination of acetylation and phosphorylation have synergistic effects on the chromosomes overall structural condensation level and, hence, induces transcription activation of immediate early gene. [22]
Synergistic catalysis developed by Sawamura et al. They used trans-chelating chiral phosphine ligands (AnisTRAP) to generate chiral transition metal complexes. In their proposed mechanism schemes, an enolate is formed from an α-cyano ester and coordinates to the rhodium catalyst, while decarboxylative and oxidative addition of allyl carbonate ...
The first description of cooperative binding to a multi-site protein was developed by A.V. Hill. [4] Drawing on observations of oxygen binding to hemoglobin and the idea that cooperativity arose from the aggregation of hemoglobin molecules, each one binding one oxygen molecule, Hill suggested a phenomenological equation that has since been named after him:
The Federal Reserve today made its final interest rate decision of 2024, capping a year during which the central bank provided some financial relief to inflation-weary borrowers in September by ...
Researchers from Mass General Brigham, a health care system in Boston, Massachusetts, shared with Fox News Digital some of the scientific developments and breakthroughs they expect to see in 2025.
The captodative effect is the stabilization of radicals by a synergistic effect of an electron-withdrawing substituent and an electron-donating substituent. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The name originates as the electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is sometimes called the "captor" group, whilst the electron-donating group (EDG) is the "dative" substituent. [ 3 ]