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The Middle Passage was the stage of the Atlantic slave trade in which millions of enslaved Africans [1] were forcibly transported to the Americas as part of the triangular slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods (first side of the triangle), which were then traded for slaves with rulers of African states ...
Often, the ships carried hundreds of slaves, who were chained tightly to plank beds. For example, the slave ship Henrietta Marie carried about 200 slaves on the long Middle Passage. They were confined to cargo holds, with each slave chained with little room to move. [6]
The internal slave trade in the United States, also known as the domestic slave trade, the Second Middle Passage [1] and the interregional slave trade, [2] was the mercantile trade of enslaved people within the United States. It was most significant after 1808, when the importation of slaves from Africa was prohibited by federal law.
In this circuit the sea lane west from Africa to the West Indies (and later, also to Brazil) was known as the Middle Passage; its cargo consisted of abducted or recently purchased African people. During the Age of Sail , the particular routes were also shaped by the powerful influence of winds and currents .
Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora [1] is a book by Stephanie E. Smallwood and the 2008 winner of the Frederick Douglass Book Prize. [2] [3] The book attempts to tell the story of enslaved Africans through the accounts of the Royal Africa Company (RAC) from 1675 to 1725.
A compact binary circle packing with the most similarly sized circles possible. [7] It is also the densest possible packing of discs with this size ratio (ratio of 0.6375559772 with packing fraction (area density) of 0.910683). [8] There are also a range of problems which permit the sizes of the circles to be non-uniform.
A company backed by US investors sold "deforestation-free" palm oil to the makers of Cheetos, Colgate and Pepsi. But its investors have ties to the company that cleared Amazonian rainforest for ...
This additional constraint on the packing, together with the need to minimize the Coulomb energy of interacting charges leads to a diversity of optimal packing arrangements. The upper bound for the density of a strictly jammed sphere packing with any set of radii is 1 – an example of such a packing of spheres is the Apollonian sphere packing.