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Chessboard made from polyvinyl chloride. Vinyl is one of the alkenyl functional groups. On a carbon skeleton, sp 2-hybridized carbons or positions are often called vinylic. Allyls, acrylates and styrenics contain vinyl groups. (A styrenic crosslinker with two vinyl groups is called divinyl benzene.)
Vinyl polymers are subject of several structural variations, which greatly expands the range of polymers and their applications. With the exception of polyethylene, vinyl polymers can arise from head-to-tail linking of monomers, head-to-head combined with tail-to-tail, or a mixture of those two patterns. Additionally the substituted carbon center in such polymers is stereogenic (a "chiral center")
Numerous attempts have been made to convert ethane directly to vinyl chloride. [2] Ethane, which is even more readily available than ethylene, is a potential precursor to vinyl chloride. The conversion of ethane to vinyl chloride has been demonstrated by various routes: [2] High-temperature chlorination: H 3 C−CH 3 + 2 Cl 2 → H 2 C=CHCl + 3 HCl
Because of the instability of vinyl alcohol, the thermoplastic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA or PVOH) is made indirectly by polymerization of vinyl acetate followed by hydrolysis of the ester bonds (Ac = acetyl; HOAc = acetic acid): [8] n CH 2 =CHOAc → (CH 2 −CHOAc) n (CH 2 −CHOAc) n + n H 2 O → (CH 2 −CHOH) n + n HOAc
This method requires nickel carbonyl, high pressures of carbon monoxide, and acetylene, which is relatively expensive compared to propylene. Acrylic acid was once manufactured by the hydrolysis of acrylonitrile , a material derived from propene by ammoxidation, but this route was abandoned because it cogenerates ammonium side products, which ...
Carbon dioxide is the lasing medium in a carbon-dioxide laser, which is one of the earliest type of lasers. Carbon dioxide can be used as a means of controlling the pH of swimming pools, [141] by continuously adding gas to the water, thus keeping the pH from rising. Among the advantages of this is the avoidance of handling (more hazardous) acids.
In organic chemistry, vinylation is the process of attaching a vinyl group (CH 2 =CH−) to a substrate.Many organic compounds contain vinyl groups, so the process has attracted significant interest, especially since the reaction scope includes substituted vinyl groups.
Vinylene carbonate (VC) or 1,3-dioxol-2-one, is the simplest unsaturated cyclic carbonic acid ester. Vinylene carbonate can also be thought of as the cyclic carbonate of the hypothetical (Z)-ethene-1,2-diol.