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The practical applications of trigonometry for navigation and astronomy became increasingly important during the Age of Exploration. Al-Battānī is one of the islamic mathematicians who made great contributions to the development of trigonometry. He "innovated new trigonometric functions, created a table of cotangents, and made some formulas ...
The derivations of trigonometric identities rely on a cyclic quadrilateral in which one side is a diameter of the circle. To find the chords of arcs of 1° and 1 / 2 ° he used approximations based on Aristarchus's inequality. The inequality states that for arcs α and β, if 0 < β < α < 90°, then
The differentiation of trigonometric functions is the mathematical process of finding the derivative of a trigonometric function, or its rate of change with respect to a variable. For example, the derivative of the sine function is written sin ′ ( a ) = cos( a ), meaning that the rate of change of sin( x ) at a particular angle x = a is given ...
The first trigonometric table was apparently compiled by Hipparchus of Nicaea (180 – 125 BC), who is now consequently known as "the father of trigonometry." [ 17 ] Hipparchus was the first to tabulate the corresponding values of arc and chord for a series of angles.
These identities are useful whenever expressions involving trigonometric functions need to be simplified. An important application is the integration of non-trigonometric functions: a common technique involves first using the substitution rule with a trigonometric function, and then simplifying the resulting integral with a trigonometric identity.
500 – India, Aryabhata writes the Aryabhata-Siddhanta, which first introduces the trigonometric functions and methods of calculating their approximate numerical values. It defines the concepts of sine and cosine, and also contains the earliest tables of sine and cosine values (in 3.75-degree intervals from 0 to 90 degrees).
Differentiating a function using the above definition is known as differentiation from first principles. Here is a proof, using differentiation from first principles, that the derivative of y = x 2 {\displaystyle y=x^{2}} is 2 x {\displaystyle 2x} :
The power rule for integrals was first demonstrated in a geometric form by Italian mathematician Bonaventura Cavalieri in the early 17th century for all positive integer values of , and during the mid 17th century for all rational powers by the mathematicians Pierre de Fermat, Evangelista Torricelli, Gilles de Roberval, John Wallis, and Blaise ...