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Hypotonia is a state of low muscle tone [1] (the amount of tension or resistance to stretch in a muscle), often involving reduced muscle strength. Hypotonia is not a specific medical disorder, but a potential manifestation of many different diseases and disorders that affect motor nerve control by the brain or muscle strength.
Minor physical anomalies (MPAs) are relatively minor (typically painless and, in themselves, harmless) congenital physical abnormalities consisting of features such as low-set ears, single transverse palmar crease, telecanthus, micrognathism, macrocephaly, hypotonia and furrowed tongue.
The weakness is indicated as hypotonia, or lack of muscle tone, which can make an infant seem unstable. [1] [5] Eventually, most patients develop joint contractures or fixed joint deformities. [6] Children may be slow with their motor skills; such as rolling over, sitting up or walking, or may not even reach these milestones of life. Some of ...
Hypotonia can present clinically as muscle flaccidity, where the limbs appear floppy, stretch reflex responses are decreased, and the limb's resistance to passive movement is also decreased. [1] Hypertonia is seen in upper motor neuron diseases like lesions in pyramidal tract and extrapyramidal tract.
The disorder may be accompanied by autism, [1] mild intellectual disability, delayed motor, cognitive, and social development, hypotonia (low muscle tone), and speech impairments. Children with Sotos syndrome tend to be large at birth and are often taller, heavier, and have relatively large skulls ( macrocephaly ) than is normal for their age.
Initial clinical findings may include macrocephaly, hypotonia, epilepsy, ophthalmologic abnormalities, and dysmorphic facial features. Magnetic resonance imaging may further reveal megalencephaly or defects of the ventricles or white matter. Individuals with JS may also have skeletal, cardiac, endocrine, or genital abnormalities. [1]
PURA syndrome, also known as PURA-related neurodevelopmental disorder, is a rare novel genetic disorder which is characterized by developmental and speech delay, neo-natal hypotonia, failure to thrive, excessive sleepiness, epilepsy, and other anomalies.
Hyporeflexia, gait abnormalities, and truncal or symmetric limb hypotonia were observed in at least 15% of individuals in a cohort of 136 16p11.2 deletion carriers. [5] Sensorineural or conductive hearing loss and paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis are observed in some individuals.