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  2. Quantization of the electromagnetic field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_of_the...

    In Dirac's theory the fields are quantized for the first time and it is also the first time that the Planck constant enters the expressions. In his original work, Dirac took the phases of the different electromagnetic modes ( Fourier components of the field) and the mode energies as dynamic variables to quantize (i.e., he reinterpreted them as ...

  3. Quantum electrodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics

    In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. [ 2 ]

  4. Precision tests of QED - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_tests_of_QED

    Quantum electrodynamics (QED), a relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics, is among the most stringently tested theories in physics. The most precise and specific tests of QED consist of measurements of the electromagnetic fine-structure constant, α, in various physical systems. Checking the consistency of such measurements tests ...

  5. Fundamental interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

    Quantum electrodynamics and quantum mechanics provide a theoretical basis for electromagnetic behavior such as quantum tunneling, in which a certain percentage of electrically charged particles move in ways that would be impossible under the classical electromagnetic theory, that is necessary for everyday electronic devices such as transistors ...

  6. Quantum field theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory

    As an example, quantum electrodynamics contains a Dirac field ψ representing the electron field and a vector field A μ representing the electromagnetic field (photon field). (Despite its name, the quantum electromagnetic "field" actually corresponds to the classical electromagnetic four-potential , rather than the classical electric and ...

  7. Quantum mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics

    The full apparatus of quantum field theory is often unnecessary for describing electrodynamic systems. A simpler approach, one that has been used since the inception of quantum mechanics, is to treat charged particles as quantum mechanical objects being acted on by a classical electromagnetic field.

  8. Electromagnetic field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_field

    An electromagnetic field (also EM field) is a physical field, mathematical functions of position and time, representing the influences on and due to electric charges. [1] The field at any point in space and time can be regarded as a combination of an electric field and a magnetic field .

  9. Quantization (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(physics)

    In mathematical physics, geometric quantization is a mathematical approach to defining a quantum theory corresponding to a given classical theory. It attempts to carry out quantization, for which there is in general no exact recipe, in such a way that certain analogies between the classical theory and the quantum theory remain manifest.