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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic compounds that have a high vapor pressure at room temperature. [1] They are common and exist in a variety of settings and products, not limited to house mold , upholstered furniture , arts and crafts supplies, dry cleaned clothing, and cleaning supplies . [ 2 ]
Landfill gas is a mix of different gases created by the action of microorganisms within a landfill as they decompose organic waste, including for example, food waste and paper waste. Landfill gas is approximately forty to sixty percent methane , with the remainder being mostly carbon dioxide .
[20]: 4, 6 Finally, the 2018/851/EU directive of 30 May 2018 (the revised Waste Framework Directive) [25] combined the two (after waste was redefined in 2008 by Article 3.1 of 2008/98/EC as "any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard") [23] by defining food waste as "all food as defined in Article 2 ...
A pollutant or novel entity [1] is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effect, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource. These can be both naturally forming (i.e. minerals or extracted compounds like oil) or anthropogenic in origin (i.e. manufactured materials or byproducts).
An easy example is that of CFC-12, which gives: 90+12=102 -> 1 carbon, 0 hydrogens, 2 fluorine atoms, and hence 2 chlorine atoms resulting in CCl 2 F 2. The main advantage of this method of deducing the molecular composition in comparison with the method described in the paragraph above is that it gives the number of carbon atoms of the molecule.
Volatile acid concentration can be used to detect adulteration of butter with less expensive fats. Butterfat has uncommonly high levels of volatile butyric and caproic acids, and mixing with fats from other sources dilutes the volatile acids. A measurement of the volatile acids is known as the Reichert Meissel value. [19] [20] [21]
The gas used is usually inert, or of a nature that protects the integrity of the packaged goods, inhibiting unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation. Some may also serve as a propellant for aerosol sprays like cans of whipped cream. For packaging food, the use of various gases is approved by regulatory organisations. [1]
Biomagnification is a process causing the concentration of a substance (crosses) to increase at higher levels of the food chain. In this scenario, a pond has been contaminated with toxic waste. Further up the food chain, the concentration of the contaminant increases, sometimes resulting in the top consumer dying.